The American Heart Association (AHA) is re-arranging the ABCs of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in its “2010 American heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care,” published in “Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association.”
Instead of the old A-B-Cs (Airway-Breathing-Compressions) of CPR, the new guidelines set forth by the AHA recommend that lay and professional rescuers use the C-A-B (Compressions-Airway-Breathing) method when reviving victims of sudden cardiac arrest.
“For more than 40 years, CPR training has emphasized the ABCs of CPR, which instructed people to open a victim’s airway by tilting their head back, pinching the noise and breathing into the victim’s mouth, and only then giving chest compressions,” said Michael Sayre, M.D., co-author of the guidelines and chairman of the American heart Association’s Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) Committee. “This approach was causing significant delays in starting chest compressions, which are essential for keeping oxygen-rich blood circulating through the body. Changing the sequence from A-B-C to C-A-B for adults and children allows all rescuers to begin chest compressions right away.”
In former guidelines, the AHA recommended looking, listening and feeling for normal breathing before starting CPR. Now, under the current guidelines, compressions should be started immediately on anyone who is unresponsive and not breathing normally.
All victims who experience cardiac arrest require chest compressions. Within the first few minutes of cardiac arrest, a victim will have oxygen remaining in their lungs and bloodstream, so starting CPR with chest compressions can pump that blood to the victim’s brains and heart more quickly. Research has shown that rescuers who started CPR with opening the airway took 30 critical seconds longer to begin chest compressions than rescuers who began CPR with chest compressions.
The change in the CPR sequence applies to adults, children and infants, but excludes newborns.
Other recommendations, based on research published since the last AHA resuscitation guidelines in 2005:
• During CPR, rescuers should give chest compressions a little faster, at a rate of at least 100 times a minute.
• Rescuers should push deeper on the chest, compressing at least two inches in adults and children and 1.5 inches in infants.
• Between each compression, rescuers should avoid leaning on the chest to allow it to return to its starting position.
• Rescuers should avoid stopping chest compressions and avoid excessive ventilation.
• All 9-1-1 centers should assertively provide instructions over the telephone to get chest compressions started when cardiac arrest is suspected.
“Sudden cardiac arrest claims hundreds of thousands of lives every year in the United States, and the American Heart Association’s guidelines have been used to train millions of people in lifesaving techniques,” said Ralph Sacco, M.D., president of the AHA. “Despite our success, the research behind the guidelines is telling us that more people need to do CPR to treat victims of sudden cardiac arrest, and that the quality of CPR matters, whether it’s given by a professional or a non-professional rescuer.”
Since 2008, the AHA has recommended that untrained bystanders use Hands-Only CPR — CPR without breaths — for an adult victim who suddenly collapses. The steps to Hands-Only CPR are simple: Call 9-1-1 and push hard and fast on the center of the chest until professional help or an AED arrives.
Additional recommendations for health care professionals include:
• Effective teamwork techniques should be learned and practiced regularly.
• Professional rescuers should use quantitative waveform capnography — the monitoring and measuring of carbon dioxide output — to confirm intubation and monitor CPR quality.
• Therapeutic hypothermia, or cooling, should be part of an overall interdisciplinary system of care after resuscitation from cardiac arrest.
• Atropine is no longer recommended for routine use managing and treating pulseless electrical activity (PEA) or asystole.
Pediatric advanced life support (PALS) guidelines provide new information about resuscitating infants and children with certain congenital heart diseases and pulmonary hypertension, and emphasize organizing care around two-minute periods of uninterrupted CPR.
CPR and ECC guidelines are science-based recommendations for treating cardiovascular emergencies — particularly sudden cardiac arrest in adults, children, infants and newborns. The AHA established the first resuscitation guidelines in 1966 and 2010 marks the 50th anniversary of Kouwenhoven, Jude and Knickerbocker’s landmark study documenting cardiac arrest survival after chest compressions.
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