Why is there a BPS intervention in three high schools?
Critics say state rating system doesn’t reflect what schools actually do
In January, Boston Public Schools Superintendent Brenda Cassellius announced interventions in three high schools where lower-than-average standardized test scores and graduation rates could trigger state takeovers of the schools.
Cassellius said she would assemble intervention teams and work with the Boston Teachers Union to assess challenges at Charlestown High School, Madison Park Vocational Technical High School and the McKinley K-8 and high schools.
“I am appointing this intervention team to review data on student opportunities and outcomes, recognizing that we have work to do to deliver on the promise of excellent and equitable education for all students,” she wrote in letters to staff.
While state officials rely heavily on scores on the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) test in their ratings of schools’ efficacy, however, some say schools like Charlestown High underscore the limits of the state’s rating system, which rather than using a comprehensive assessment system, as the name implies, relies disproportionately on a single test.
The average scaled scores for Charlestown High students on the MCAS English Language Arts and Math tests are significantly below those of the state averages, with 37% of students not meeting expectations in Grade 10 English. The state’s assessment system puts Charlestown in the lowest 10% of schools, citing in part its low graduation rate.
Sung Joon Pai, who until last year served as the school’s director of systems and innovation, notes that Charlestown has a higher-than-average proportion of students with disabilities and interrupted or delayed education.
Charlestown High has programs for students with autism, students with multiple disabilities and students in an eight-year Occupational Skills Development curriculum. The latter are students with disabilities so severe, they stay in school learning basic living skills until age 22, then transfer to adult assisted-living programs. Because they earn a certificate of attendance, rather than a high school diploma, the school is penalized by the state, Pai says.
“According to the state’s metrics, they count against the four- and five-year graduation rates,” he said.
The school is also penalized for low MCAS scores from those students and those in its Students with Limited or Interrupted Education program, which typically serves students from other countries with limited years of education as well as limited English skills. Many of those students may not graduate before they age out of the system at 22.
Also adding to the low MCAS scores at Charlestown: the school’s surplus of seats. Because the school has empty seats, students who fail at other schools are often administratively transferred to Charlestown. The school has 102 students in its ninth grade and 239 in its 12th grade. Because many of the students who enter the school have already repeated grades in high school, they further erode Charlestown’s four-and five-year graduation rates.
Overall, Pai says, the school’s graduation rate hovered around 55% during the 11 years he was there, owing to the large number of students whose disabilities precluded them from meeting the city’s and state’s graduation requirements, but among regular education students, the graduation rate was closer to 70%.
Despite the school doing what school leaders set out to do — providing education to non-traditional students — the state Department of Elementary and Secondary Education lists Charlestown in its lowest 10%, a category the state considers “underperforming.”
The other schools slated for interventions have similar student populations to that of Charlestown. Madison Park and the McKinley school have student bodies that are overwhelmingly high-needs. Among Madison Park students, 85% are from low-income families, 32% are English language learners and 40% are students with disabilities. At the McKinley school, 98% of the students have disabilities and 90% are low-income.
All are considered underperforming by the state’s metrics.
The apparent mismatch between what these schools actually do — provide education to students with disabilities — and how the state rates them underscores a key problem with the state’s rating system. According to Jack Schneider, an author and associate professor at UMass Lowell’s School of Education, the rating system makes no allowances for the vast differences in a student population such as that of Charlestown, where 94% of students are high needs and 83% are low-income, and Wellesley Senior High School, where 22.8% of students are high needs and 7.3% are low-income.
“Unless the state is going to invest significantly in schools to ensure a level playing field, it’s completely unrealistic to think that schools themselves are going to level out the great inequities we have in our society,” he said.
DESE’s solution to schools it deems underperforming, the measure Cassellius appears to be trying to head off, is state intervention — a move that often has suboptimal consequences for school communities. The Dever School in Dorchester, for instance, saw a state-appointed start-up nonprofit cycle through five presidents in two years with no discernable sign of progress, despite receiving $4.6 million a year from BPS and an additional $1.6 million from the state.
State interventions, Schneider says, are driven by the outdated theory that schools are underperforming due to poor management, and that shifts in management can boost student performance on standardized tests.
“That theory has been disproven,” he said. “There is lot of counter-evidence that not only do [state] interventions not lead to improvement, but that they also lead to outcomes that are in opposition to what school communities want.”
At Charlestown High, a local attempt at intervention led by a group of parents from the surrounding neighborhood — none of whom had students enrolled in the predominantly low-income school — proposed transforming Charlestown into a state-designated “innovation school,” a designation that would have essentially closed the school and reopened a new one in the building. The proposal, which faced stiff opposition from teachers, parents and students, would have limited the percentage of special needs students in the new school to 25% and eliminated substantially separate classrooms, such as those in which students with autism are taught.
The plan, which required approval from the Boston School Committee, a Boston Teachers Union representative and Cassellius, was voted down.
BTU President Jessica Tang argues that, rather than outside interventions, Charlestown High, Madison Park and the McKinley schools need policymakers to listen to the school communities and provide assistance accordingly.
Cassellius’ proposed intervention, she said, could make that possible.
“What is true for all three schools is that we need ground-up solutions,” she said. “The intervention team model enables us to do that and have a process for stakeholder, student and parent input.”
